11, 12 This release of NO causes smooth muscle to relax, thus allowing more blood to enter the erectile bodies known as corpus cavernosum and causing erection. The pharmacologically active components of ginseng, ginsenosides, are known to be able to induce NO synthesis in endothelial cells and perivascular nerves, and to augment vascular smooth muscle cellвЂ™s sensitivity to NO. 9, 10 Data from studies on ginseng berry extract suggest that this action is nitric oxide (NO) dependent. In animal studies, treatment with Korean red ginseng and ginseng berry extract has been shown to significantly relax the pre-contracted penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscles of rabbits in vitro, and increase the intracavernosal pressure of rats in vivo. 7 A similar study on 60 men with erectile dysfunction also reported marked improvement in erectile function including rigidity, penetration, and maintenance of erection after taking Korean red ginseng (1000 mg) three times daily for 12 wk. 6 For example, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 45 men with moderate to severe erectile dysfunction had found improvement in their scores on erectile performance and sexual satisfaction after treated with three times daily doses of 900 mg Korean red ginseng for 8 wk. The beneficial effects have been scientifically evaluated and confirmed in meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials.

Ginseng is commonly taken by itself or with an herbal formula to enhance sexual performance in traditional Chinese medical practices. Recent evidences on its mechanisms of action that may represent novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of male reproductive diseases or disorders will be discussed. In this review, we will summarize the effects of ginseng on male sex performance and spermatogenesis. It has also been used to enhance sex performance and satisfaction. Ginseng has been reported to have diverse physiological effects in multiple systems, including cardiovascular, immune, and neuronal. вЂњPanaxвЂќ means вЂњall-healingвЂќ in Greek, and Panax ginseng is conventionally referred to the Asian ginseng. The genus name вЂњPanaxвЂќ is given to ginseng by the Russian botanist Carl A Meyer in 1843. There are at least nine species of ginseng and are mostly named by their geographical origins, such as Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng), American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium), and Japanese ginseng ( Panax japonicus). Ginseng is one of the most precious herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. 4 In South Australia, 29% of interviewed infertile subjects use herbal remedies, in which 4.2% uses ginseng. 4 Among them, 8% went for Chinese medication. 3 In a clinic-based survey conducted in Jordan, 44% of infertile patients use herbal medicine as part of their infertility treatment.

In the United States, 17% constantly visited herbal therapist in the past 18 mo out of the 29% of infertile couples who use complementary and alternative medicine. 2, 3 Herbal therapy is increasingly popular worldwide as a way to treat infertility. 1 In approximately 40% of these couples, the male partner has been either the sole or a contributing cause of infertility. In 2010, an estimated 48.5 million couples worldwide were infertile. Infertility is a growing problem in the world. This review compiles the current knowledge about the multifaceted effects of ginseng on male reproductive function, and also focuses on its mechanisms of action that may represent novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of male reproductive diseases or disorders. These actions are mostly attributed to ginsenosides, the major pharmacological active components of ginseng. In addition, ginseng is found to improve the sperm quality and count of healthy individuals as well as patients with treatment-related infertility.

Data from animal studies have shown a positive correlation among ginseng, libido, and copulatory performances, and these effects have been confirmed in case-control studies in human. Ginseng has also been reputed as an aphrodisiac, and is used to treat sexual dysfunction as well as to enhance sexual behavior in traditional Chinese medical practices. Ginseng is often referred to as the King of all herbs, and is found to be a promising agent to improve general well-being.

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